The Johannine Gospel (20:19–31) narrative read on the second Sunday of Easter presents an image of Thomas, one of Jesus\’ followers, that has come to define how history remembers him – the doubting Thomas. In fact, when one reads that passage, one immediately thinks that to doubt is itself an expression of lack of faith from which one is supposed to distance oneself. After all, Christian faith is grounded in the belief that God’s salvific encounters with humanity are grounded in concrete evidence of God’s intimate intervention in human history. We can imagine how frustrated the other followers of Jesus would have felt when Thomas refused to accept their stories. We can also imagine how his resistance can be seen as a negation of the women\’s testimony. After all, the Johannine text grounds the narrative of the empty tomb and Jesus’ post-resurrection appearance in the testimony of Mary of Magdala and her companions (John 20:1–18). Permit me to invite you to suspend judgment and to explore together a different hermeneutic of the so-called doubt of Thomas. To do this well, it is important that I also explore the motif of doubt as it is examined by a famous theologian and saint whose works and insights continue to influence our contemporary era. The famous theologian of the Victorian Age, Saint John Henry Newman, distinguished two types of doubt: interdenominational doubt and fundamental religious doubt. The former addresses uncertainty surrounding certain religious traditions, and the latter concerns the existence of God within the Abrahamic traditions.[1] Newman’s focus on doubt transcended just the bias for rationality as the mode of investigation. Rather, reason, conscience, and moral journey that are grounded in personal experience and desire for meaning ought to define the response to doubt as one seeks meaning in a turn to faith.[2] For Newman, to have faith is to have a moral responsibility to nurture it. Not doing that is neglecting the gift\’s care. Doubt, in this context, calls for leaning more into the intimacy the gift makes possible for the believer. Such intimacy demands that the believer take the role of imagination, conscience, reason, and moral fidelity in the formation of one’s character seriously. One can thus understand the essence of those soothing lyrics that Newman wrote while experiencing personal and spiritual struggles on his journey from Palermo to Marseille in 1833 – “Lead, Kindly Light, Amid the Encircling Gloom; Lead thou me on!…”[3] Faced with many life struggles, his father losing his banking business as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, experiencing the death of his sister, and dealing with many health problems, anxiety and self-doubt plagued Newman even as he turned to his Christian faith as a source of self-grounding. A basic understanding of grace is that it situates intimacy as the connecting reality between the source of grace, God, and the recipient of the gift of grace, creation. Since God is goodness itself and whose intention for creation is to bring about our collective and individual flourishing, one can easily see how one can conclude that doubt is itself a negative response to the one who invites us to be intimate with it. But doubt is not a vice in itself. It is not an opposition to the divine invitation to be intimate. Rather, doubt is saturated intimacy at the crossroads of encounter, waiting for God to initiate the bond toward recognition. What do I mean by this? To doubt another person is not to hate them or despise them. Rather, doubt originates from the domain of intimacy. It is an expression of care and commitment to the other. But it is also a covenantal summons to the other to respond accordingly. The motif of the crossroad perfectly expresses what doubt evokes not only in the one who doubts but also in the one to whom the doubt is projected. If I doubt you, it means that I am taking our relationship seriously, and I want you to show me that you really care and lead me to the domain of certitude in our relationship. Thus, the covenantal turn arises in the expression of doubt. For the believer, to doubt God is to take God seriously and to demand that God be God in the relationship – a God of life, a God of care, and a God of assurance. Thomas\’s doubt evokes two realities that define the Christian vocation. First, Thomas\’s doubt offers the Christian world grounds for taking the content of Christian hope seriously: the resurrection. To reduce the belief in the resurrection of Jesus from the dead as a mere fantasy on the path of his followers is to ignore the evidential power of the doubt of Thomas. Thomas’ doubt attests to the reality of Jesus\’ resurrection rather than to a fantasy. It reveals the empirical turn as the witnesses to the post-resurrection sittings of Jesus are narrated. One may doubt the women based on the cultural bias of patriarchy. One may doubt the testimony of the other follower of Jesus based on the fact that they were having nostalgic moments of hallucination as they grieved their friend and teacher, Jesus of Nazareth. But Thomas’ doubt signals an empirical turn and grounds the post-resurrection appearance of Jesus. “Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands and put my finger into the nail marks and put my hand into his side, I will not believe.” This empirical claim evokes a covenantal turn that demands that God make the content of the Christian faith real. Because God is a God of the promise, the risen Christ fulfils the covenantal content of the doubt. The second reality that Thomas\’s doubt evokes for Christians is the relevance of faith in Christ. As the Easter liturgies reveal, Christian faith is communitarian in its expression. In fact, on the Octave of Easter, the priest invites the community to pronounce their baptismal promise to reject the devil and turn to the risen Christ, who stands as the true

An experience can have the epistemic power of disruption, allowing for a new way of seeing what has become familiar in our lives. This reflection offers some insights into an experience that has initiated a new way of seeing Lent, one that I invite you to explore with me. On the second Sunday of Lent, 2026, I had the pleasure of worshipping at Saint Brendan the Navigator Parish located in Cummings, Georgia. Walking into this beautiful church, one immediately notices its spaciousness. Everything looks new. Yet, what were most disruptive to the imagination were the following: that Sunday was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the parish. One of the auxiliary bishops of Atlanta, Most Reverend John Nhan Tran, along with two priests, including the pastor, and two deacons, served as the ministers at the liturgy. The ceremony had an honorary guard of the Knights of Columbus. The church was packed full. What was most interesting to observe was the number of children playing, crying, and speaking a language that only infants and God can understand. Observing the different generations of humans gathered, one notices a sense of abundance defining the space and season. Yet it was the second Sunday of Lent. How can abundance be associated with Lent? “Lent is never a reality that stands on its own; it points to a relationship of abundance with a God radically defined by saturated life.” — SimonMary Asese Aihiokhai Too often, we are made to think that Lent is all about letting go. It is about a turn to aridity, penance, sacrifice, and frugality as a source of spiritual connection with God. On the first Sunday of Lent, we are even confronted with the gospel reading that locates Jesus in the desert, enduring his symbolic temptations at the hands of the devil after a forty-day fast. With these in mind, one can easily conclude that abundance and Lent are two contradictory realities. But we forget to ask: what does Lent point to? Lent is never a reality that stands on its own. It points to a relationship of abundance with a God that is radically defined by saturated life. Two major motifs that Lent evokes reflect abundance. First, the desert, when viewed superficially, evokes a sense of aridity. A closer look at it reveals a place of abundance that manifests as the resiliency of life. The desert is spacious. It welcomes all who seek to enter it without discrimination. Creatures who live in the desert are radically defined by existential resiliency. They endure even in the face of hardships. Their existence is a reminder to all that life is always rooted in abundance when resiliency is embraced as an existential virtue. “The desert and the spring both reveal the same truth: life persists and flourishes even where scarcity seems to reign.” — SimonMary Asese Aihiokhai Second, it is not accidental that the Church locates the season of Lent within the natural season of Spring. Spring exudes life in abundance. Plants awake from the slumber of Winter. Animals emerge from the caves of hibernation. When one looks around one’s environment during Lent, one notices the beauty of life in all its manifestations. It is during this period that the Church invites itself to journey into a deeper realm of spiritual consciousness and solidarity with all in God’s world. This sense of solidarity is not intended to steal away from the abundance that nature reveals. Rather, it is to lean into it and to show that the sacrifices we embrace during this season are intended to evoke the solidarity of abundance with the God of abundance, who reveals Godself through the abundance inherent in nature. Returning to my experience at Saint Brendan the Navigator Parish at Cummings, Georgia, the tapestry of the community speaks to what God invites us to experience during Lent. We are invited to embrace a vision that is polyphonic, one that allows us to see not just that which we are familiar with. We are asked to see the unfamiliar; a vision that is intended to disrupt our imagination so that the saturated grace of life can be received and shared with all. The crying, playful, and sound-making children offered their own homiletic message along that offered by Bishop Tran as a reminder to us that all sermonic engagement with the Word of God ought to mediate a reminder of who God is – the God of saturated life. Children are a concrete expression of saturated life oriented toward many possibilities. Similarly, the Word of God mediates saturated life that orients its listeners to several pathways for manifesting that gift of God’s life in the world. Abundance not only links us to a saturated life but also disrupts our imagination. It has the capacity to evoke in us a consciousness of beauty. Just like the desert that invites us to embrace its own beauty, which is instantiated through a different pathway, in this case, it is through the resilient existence of all that lives in the desert, the spring season is saturated with beauty. Nature invites us to encounter its content through the dazzling and varied colors of all the creatures it nurtures. These two motifs, intricately linked to Lent, are reminders to us to see Lent as a time of practicing a way of living that exudes abundance. In this case, it is the grace of saturated life. “To receive the grace of saturated life during Lent is to awaken to solidarity with those whose lives are marked by violence, displacement, and suffering.” — SimonMary Asese Aihiokhai Saturated life as a gift that reflects abundance, which God makes possible, has an ethical grounding as well. As Christians who take the reality of Lent seriously, our embrace of life ought to evoke in us as well the consciousness of solidarity with all who may not be experiencing saturated life in their own social contexts. I am particularly conscious of the Palestinian People who have been rendered homeless due to the